Model 3
After E. Bulten et al.1
This extensive model emerged from a process-oriented transdisciplinary approach in sustainability science; the table summarises roles identified in a literature review. The article also highlights tensions between ‘new’ participatory roles and more traditional academic roles and points at possible ways of reducing these tensions. It also introduces roles that emerge when scientists go beyond the process of knowledge co-production and participate in transformative action.
Role of scientist | What does the scientist do in this role? |
|---|---|
Traditional researcher (reflective scientist) | Provides scientific knowledge on the basis of analysis, validated by the respective discipline, to inform decision-making. Investigates application-oriented knowledge (legislation, best practices, etc.) Analyses dynamics, actors and actions (often ex post) Analyses outcomes Reflects on interventions, evaluates while disengaged from praxis Deconstructs problems into solvable parts Overlays existing concepts on problem narratives and frames |
Self-reflexive scientist | Writes observation protocols and research diaries (participates and observes) Reflects on internal and external power-dynamics Reflects on own normative orientation Provides feedback to the other researchers in order to enable reflection about their interactions with practitioners |
Knowledge broker | Synthesises academic knowledge and makes this accessible for practitioners and vice-versa Provides space for critical reflection Matches experts and stakeholder groups Translates, interprets and connects knowledge to different audiences Links scientific analysis to public debate Finds realistic problem–solution couplings |
Process facilitator | Initiates and facilitates the learning and design process and experiment Organises and prepares work sessions Locates, selects and invites participants Encourages expressions of different viewpoints Provides space for critical reflection and deliberation Integrates knowledge |
Transition participant (change agent) | Participates in process that aims to address real-life problems Actively intervenes in system innovation Actively intervenes in system innovation by motivating and empowering participants to lead their own process Recognises the implications of current levels of capacity while also building capacity |
